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This chapter covers MMA filenames, extensions and a variety of commands and/or directives which effect the way in which files are read and processed.
The Python language (which was used to write MMA ) has a very useful feature: it can include other files and refer to functions and data defined in these files. A large number of these files or modules are included in every Python distribution. The program MMA consists of a short “main” program and several “module” files. Without these additional modules MMA will not work.
The only sticky problem in a program intended for a wider audience is where to place these modules. Hopefully, it is a “good thing” that they should be in one of several locations. On a Linux (and Mac) system the following locations are checked:
on Mac the same path as Linux is used, with the addition of:
and on a Windows system:
To make it possible to have multiple installations of MMA (most likely for testing), a check is made to see the modules are present in the home of the MMA executable. This is stored in the Python system variable sys.path[0].33.1
Additionally it is possible to place the modules in your python-site directory. If, when initializing itself, MMA cannot find the needed modules it will terminate with an error message.
MMA assumes that the default include and library directories are located in the above listed directories as well. If these can't be found a warning message will be displayed.
If you really need to, you can modify this in the main mma.py script.
In all the following sections we refer to various forms of “filename” and “path”. MMA parses files and uses various forms of “whitespace”33.2 to separate different parts of commands. This means that you cannot, easily, include space characters in a filename embedded in a MMA source file. But, you can, if needed. When MMA uses a path or filename it first transforms any sequences of the literal “\x20” into “space” characters.
If you are on a Windows or Mac platform you may need to use the space feature, if not for filenames, for paths.
For example:
| SetMidiPlayer C:\Program\x20Files\Windows\x20Player |
In this example we are setting our MIDI player to “C:\Program Files\Windows Player”. The “\x20”s are converted to space characters.
When running MMA on a Windows platform you don't need to use the rather ugly “\”s since Python will conveniently convert paths with normal “forward” slash characters to something Windows understands.
A common mistake made, especially by users on Windows platforms, is using quote characters to delimit a filename. Don't use quotation marks! MMA doesn't see anything special in quotes and the quote characters will be assumed to be part of a filename ... and it won't work.
| SetOutPath ~/music/midies |
In this case the “~” is replaced with the path of the current user (for details see the Python documentation for os.path.expanduser()). The result of tilde expansions is system dependent and varies between Linux, Mac, and Windows. For details please refer to the Python documentation for os.path.expanduser().
The case of a filename is relevant if your system supports case-sensitive filenames. For example, on a Linux system the names “file.mid” and “File.MID” refer to different files; on a Windows system they refer to the same file. An overview of this can be found at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filename#Letter_case_preservation.
Please note that the above discussion, especially the parts concerning embedded spaces, applies only to file and path names in a MMA source file. If you want to compile a .mma file with a space character it is not a problem. From the command line:
| $ mma "my file" |
works just fine ... but note that we used quotation marks to tell the shell, not MMA , that “my file” is one name, not two.
For most files the use of a the file name extension “.mma” is optional. However, it is suggested that most files (with the exceptions listed below) have the extension present. It makes it much easier to identify MMA song and library files and to do selective processing on these files.
In processing an input song file MMA can encounter several different types of input files. For all files, the initial search is done by adding the file name extension “.mma” to file name (unless it is already present), then a search for the file as given is done.
For files included with the USE directive, the directory set with SETLIBPATH is first checked, followed by the current directory.
For files included with the INCLUDE directive, the directory set with SETINCPATH is first checked, followed by the current directory.
Following is a summary of the different files supported:
One further point to remember is that filenames specified on the command line are subject to wild-card expansion via the shell you are using.
Normally, a file is processed until its end. However, you can short-circuit this behavior with the EOF directive. If MMA finds a line starting with EOF no further processing will be done on that file ... it's just as if the real end of file was encountered. Anything on the same line, after the EOF, is also discarded.
You may find this handy if you want to test process only a part of a file, or if you making large edits to a library file. It is often used to quit when using the LABEL and GOTO directives to simulate constructs like D.C. al Coda, etc.
The search for library files can be set with the LibPath variable. To set LIBPATH:
| SetLibPath PATH |
You can have as many paths in the SETLIBPATH directive as you want.
When MMA starts up it sets the library path to the first valid directory in the list:
The last choice lets you run MMA directly from the distribution directory.
When MMA initializes it will force the directory stdlib to be the first directory in the list. It will also display a warming message if stdlib is not found. If the path is changed later by the user, the user's order will be honored. No check for stdlib being present is made.
You are free to change this to any other location(s) in a RCFile. Remember that the previous setting is lost. If you just want to add directories, use a macro. Example:
| SetLibPath /mymma $_LibPath |
will add the mymma directory in your HOME directory to the search path.
LIBPATH is used by the routine which auto-loads grooves from the library, and the USE directive. The -g and -G command line options are used to maintain the library database).
The current setting can be accessed via the macro $_LIBPATH.
One useful trick is to set the LIBPATH to limit GROOVE selection to a specific library. For example:
|
set c $_LibPath + casio
setLibPath $c |
Note that you need to do this in two steps since it's only the SET command that recognizes string concatenation.
A better way to have your own personal grooves checked first might be:
|
set c $_LibPath + mylib
setLibPath $c $_LibPath |
which is set mylib to be the first directory checked for a groove.
When using the -P command line option MMA uses the MIDI file player defined with SETMIDIPLAYER to play the generated file. By default the program is set to “aplaymidi” on Linux, “open” on Mac, and an empty file on Windows. You can change this to a different player:
| SetMIDIplayer /usr/local/kmid |
You will probably want to use this command in an RC file.
It is permissible to include command options as well. So, for example, on Linux you might do:
| SetMIDIplayer timidity -a |
Command line options with an “=” are permitted, so long as they do not start with an alpha character. So,
| SetMIDIplayer aplaymidi –port=12:3 |
will work.
To set to an empty name, just use the command with no arguments:
| SetMIDIplayer |
An empty filename On a Linux host will generate an error if you attempt to preview a file with the -P command line option; on Windows hosts the empty string instructs Windows to use the default player for the generated MIDI file.
There are two additional settings for the MIDI file player:
You can change the above behavior with the BACKGROUND and DELAY options.
| SetMidiPlayer BackGround=1 Delay=4 myplayer -abc |
In the above example the player is forced to play as a background process with a delay time of 4 seconds. The player name is set to “myplayer” with an option string of “-abc”.
and,
| SetMidiPlayer BackGround=0 Delay=4 |
will set the player name to “” (which is only valid in a Windows environment) and force it to play in the foreground. In this case the delay setting will have no effect.
The BACKGROUND option can be set with “1” or “Yes” and unset with “0” or “No”. No other values are valid.
Note that when setting player options the player name is required (otherwise it is set to “”).
MMA comes with well over 1500 (and increasing!) different grooves in its standard libraries. Determining which to use in your song can be quite a chore. For this reason a special “preview” command line option has been included. To use it, first decide on which GROOVE you'd like to listen to. Then, from a terminal or other command line interface, type a command like:
| $ mma -V bolero |
This will create a short (4 bar) file with a GROOVE BOLERO command and some chords. This file will then be played in the same manner as the -P command line option. If you don't hear the file being played or if you get an error message, please refer to the SETMIDIPLAYER section, above.
In addition to using a default set of chords, etc. you can customize the preview with some command line options. Note that each of these options can be placed anywhere on the line in any order. Nothing in the options (except chord names) is case sensitive. Each of the commands must have an = and contain no spaces:33.3
| Chords=A,Gm,C,D7 |
By default we use:
| Chords=I,vi,ii,V7 |
A generic introduction notated in Roman numerals.
Any other MMA command can be inserted in a -V line. For example, to play a 4 bar sequence in the key of G with a tempo of 144:
| $ mma -V mambo2 Chords=I,I,V7,III Tempo=144 KeySig=G |
The supplied utility mma-gb.py makes extensive use of this command set.
With the extended GROOVE name extension, (more details) you can preview grooves from files not yet in the library (or database). Assuming you are working on a new library file in your current directory, just issue a command like:
| $ mma -V ./newfile:newgroove |
You can skip the leading “./” in the path, but it forces a bit more verbiage frm MMA .
MIDI file generation is to an automatically generated filename (more details). If the OUTPATH variable is set, that value will be prepended to the output filename. To set the value:
| SetOutPath PATH |
Just make sure that “PATH” is a simple path name. The variable is case sensitive (assuming that your operating system supports case sensitive filenames). This is a common directive in a RC file (more details). By default, it has no value.
You can disable the OUTPATH variable quite simply: just issue the command without an argument.
If the name set by this command begins with a “.”, “/” or “ \” it is prepended to the complete filename specified on the command line. For example, if you have the input filename test.mma and the output path is ˜/mids —the output file will be /home/bob/mids/test.mid.
If the name doesn't start with the special characters noted in the preceding paragraph the contents of the path will be inserted before the filename portion of the input filename. Again, an example: the input filename is mma/rock/crying and the output path is “midi”—the output file will be mma/rock/midi/crying.mid.
The current setting can be accessed via the macro $_OutPath.
Note that this option is ignored if you use the -f command line option or if an absolute name for the input file (one starting with a “/” or a “~”) is used.
Other files with sequence, pattern or music data can be included at any point in your input file. There is no limit to the level of includes.
| Include Filename |
A search for the file is done in the INCPATH directories (see below) and the current directory. The “.mma” filename extension is optional (if a filename exists both with and without the “.mma” extension, the file with the extension will be used).
The use of this command should be quite rare in user files; however, it is used extensively in library files to include standard patterns.
The search for include files can be set with the INCPATH variable. To set INCPATH:
| SetIncPath PATH |
You can have as many paths in the SETINCPATH directive as you need.
When MMA initializes it sets the include path to first found directory in:
The last location lets you run MMA from the distribution directory.
If this value is not appropriate for your system, you are free to change it in a RC File. If you need to add a second directory to this list, remember that previous settings are lost. So, to add a local path you can do something like:
| SetIncPath /mymma/incs $_IncPath |
to insert a local path into the path.
The current setting can be accessed via the macro $_IncPath.
Similar to INCLUDE, but a bit more useful. The USE command is used to include library files and their predefined grooves.
Compared to INCLUDE, USE has important features:
Let's examine each feature in a bit more detail.
When a USE directive is issued,
| use stdlib/swing |
MMA first attempts to locate the file “stdlib/swing” in the directories specified by LIBPATH or the current directory. As mentioned above, MMA automatically added the “.mma” extension to the file and checks for the non-extension filename if that can't be found.
If things aren't working out quite right, check to see if the filename is correct. Problems you can encounter include:
As mentioned above, the current state of the compiler is saved during a USE. MMA accomplishes this by issuing a slightly modified DEFGROOVE and GROOVE command before and after the reading of the file. Please note that INCLUDE doesn't do this. But, don't let this feature fool you—since the effects of defining grooves are cumulative you really should have SEQCLEAR statements at the top of all your library files. If you don't you'll end up with unwanted tracks in the grooves you are defining.
In most cases you will not need to use the USE directive in your music files. If you have properly installed MMA and keep the database up-to-date by using the command:
| $ mma -g |
grooves from library files will be automatically found and loaded. Internally, the USE directive is used, so existing states are saved.
If you are developing new or alternate library files you will find the USE directive handy.
If you wish to process a certain file or files before your main input file, set the MMASTART filename in an RCFile. For example, you might have a number of files in a directory which you wish to use certain PAN settings. In that directory, you just need to have a file mmarc which contains the following command:
| MmaStart setpan |
The actual file setpan has the following directives:
|
Bass Pan 0
Bass1 Pan 0 Bass2 Pan 0 Walk Pan 0 Walk1 Pan 0 Walk2 Pan 0 |
So, before each file in that directory is processed, the PAN for the bass and walking bass voices are set to the left channel.
If the file specified by a MMASTART directive does not exist a warning message will be printed (this is not an error).
Also useful is the ability to include a generic file with all the MIDI files you create. For example, you might like to have a MIDI reset at the start of your files—simple, just include the following in your mmarc file:
| MMAstart reset |
This includes the file reset.mma located in the “includes” directory (IncludePath).
Multiple MMASTART directives are permitted. The files are processed in the order declared. You can have multiple filenames on a MMASTART line.
One caution with MMASTART files: the file is processed after the RC file, just before the actual song file.
Just the opposite of MMASTART, this command specifies a file to be included at the end of a main input file. See the comments above for more details.
To continue this example, in your mmarc file you would have:
| MmaEnd nopan |
and in the file nopan have:
|
Bass Pan 64
Bass1 Pan 64 Bass2 Pan 64 Walk Pan 64 Walk1 Pan 64 Walk2 Pan 64 |
If the file specified by a MMAEND directive does not exist a warning message will be printed (this is not an error).
Multiple MMAEND directives are permitted and processed in the order declared. You can have multiple filenames on a MMAEND line.
When MMA starts it checks for initialization files. Only the first found file is processed. The following locations/files are checked (in order):
Only the first found file will be processed. This means you can override a “global” RC file with a user specific one. If you just want to override some specific commands you might want to:
| include ~/.mmarc |
to force the inclusion of your global stuff,
By default, no RC files are installed. If you have enabled debugging (-d) a warning message will be displayed if no RC file is found.
An alternate method for using a different RC file is to specify the name of the file on the command line by using the -i option (here). Using this option you can have several RC files in a directory and compile your songs differently depending on the RC file you specify.
The RC file is processed as a MMA input file. As such, it can contain anything a normal input file can, including music commands. However, you should limit the contents of RC files to things like:
|
SetOutPath
SetLibPath MMAStart MMAEnd |
A useful setup is to have your source files in one directory and MIDI files saved into a different directory. Having the file mmarc in the directory with the source files permits setting OUTPATH to the MIDI path.
Included in this distribution are a number of predefined patterns, sequences and grooves. They are in different files in the “lib” directories.
The library files should be self-documenting. A list of standard file and the grooves they define is included in the separate document, supplied in this distribution as “mma-lib.ps”.
MMA maintains a database file in each directory found in the mma/lib directory structure. These are invisible files with the name .mmaDB. When MMA starts up it sets a path list containing the names of each directory found in mma/lib. When a GROOVE is needed MMA will look in the database files for each directory. The directory mma/lib/stdlib will be checked first.
The basic MMA distribution comes with a set of pattern or style files which are installed in the mma/lib/stdlib directory. Each one of these files has a number of GROOVEs defined in them. For example, the file mma/lib/stdlib/rhumba.mma contains the grooves Rhumba, RhumbaEnd and many more.
If you are writing GROOVEs with the intention of adding them to the standard library you should ensure that none of the names you choose duplicate existing names already used in the same directory.33.4
If you are creating a set of alternate grooves to duplicate the existing library you might do the following:
Example: Assume you have created a new “bossanova” file. To force MMA to use this, a simple method is:
| $ mma -g |
this needs to be done when you add new GROOVE names to your file.
For those who “really need to know”, here are the steps that MMA takes when it encounters a GROOVE command:
The databases are files .mmaDB stored in each sub directory of LIBPATH. This is a “hidden” file (due to the leading “.” in the filename). You cannot change the name of this file. Sub-directores are processed in turn.
If a library file you create depends on GROOVES from another library file you will need to load that library file with a USE directive. This is due to limitation is the -g/-G update commands.
By using a USE directive you force the loading of your set of grooves.